Pōkole:Ua kālailai ka mea kākau i ke kūlana hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka nila coke ma ko mākou ʻāina, ka manaʻolana o kāna noi ʻana i ka electrode graphite a me nā mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole i ka ʻoihana, e aʻo i nā pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nila coke aila, me ka nele o nā kumuwaiwai maka, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ke ʻano, ka lōʻihi o ka pōʻaiapuni a me ka loiloi noi overcapacity, e hoʻonui i ka noiʻi segmentation huahana, noi, nā ana hana, e like me nā haʻawina hui e hoʻomohala i ka mākeke kiʻekiʻe.
Wahi a nā kumu like ʻole o nā mea maka, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nila coke i ka nila coke aila a me ka nila coke lanahu. Hana nui ʻia ka nila coke aila mai ka slurry FCC ma o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, hydrodesulfurization, coking lohi a me ka calcination. He paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana a he ʻike loea kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa i ka nila coke nā ʻano o ke kalapona kiʻekiʻe, ka sulfur haʻahaʻa, ka naikokene haʻahaʻa, ka lehu haʻahaʻa a pēlā aku, a he mau waiwai electrochemical a me mechanical maikaʻi loa ma hope o ka graphitization. He ʻano mea kalapona kiʻekiʻe anisotropic me ka graphitization maʻalahi.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Needle Coke no ka electrode graphite mana kiʻekiʻe loa, a me nā mea cathode pākahiko lithium ion, ma ke ʻano he "carbon peak", "carbon neutral" mau pahuhopu hoʻolālā, ke hoʻomau nei nā ʻāina i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hao a me ke kila a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻoihana kaʻa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ʻano ʻoihana a paipai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu e mālama ana i ka haʻahaʻa kalapona a me ka ʻenehana pale kaiapuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e paipai i ka hana kila arc umu uila a me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o nā kaʻa ikehu hou, Ke ulu wikiwiki nei ke koi no ka nila coke maka. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e pōmaikaʻi nui ka ʻoihana ma hope o ka nila coke. Ke kālailai nei kēia kumuhana i ke kūlana noi a me ka manaʻolana o ka nila coke i ka graphite electrode a me ka mea anode, a ke hōʻike nei i nā pilikia a me nā mea kūʻē no ka hoʻomohala olakino o ka ʻoihana nila coke.
1. Ka nānā ʻana i ka hana ʻana a me ke kuhikuhi kahe o ka coke nila
1.1 Ka hana ʻana o ka nila coke
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka nila coke ua kau nui ʻia ma kekahi mau ʻāina e like me Kina, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻIa, Kōlea Hema a me Iapana. I ka makahiki 2011, ʻo ka nui o ka hana honua o ka nila coke ma kahi o 1200kt/a, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui o ka hana o Kina he 250kt/a, a ʻehā wale nō mea hana nila coke Kina. I ka makahiki 2021, e like me nā helu helu o Sinfern Information, e piʻi ka nui o ka hana honua o ka nila coke ma kahi o 3250kt/a, a e piʻi ka nui o ka hana o ka nila coke ma Kina ma kahi o 2240kt/a, e helu ana i 68.9% o ka nui o ka hana honua, a e piʻi ka nui o nā mea hana nila coke Kina i 21.
Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i ka hiki ke hana o nā mea hana coke nila 10 kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua, me ka huina o ka hiki ke hana he 2130kt/a, e helu ana no 65.5% o ka hiki ke hana honua. Mai ka manaʻo o ka hiki ke hana honua o nā ʻoihana coke nila, ʻo ka nui o nā mea hana coke nila moʻo aila he nui, ʻo ka awelika o ka hiki ke hana o kahi mea kanu hoʻokahi he 100 ~ 200kt/a, ʻo ka hiki ke hana coke nila moʻo lanahu he 50kT/a wale nō.
I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, e hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ka mana hana coke nila honua, akā mai Kina mai. ʻO ka mana hana coke nila i hoʻolālā ʻia a ke kūkulu ʻia nei ma Kina ma kahi o 430kT /a, a ke hoʻonui hou ʻia nei ke kūlana overcapacity. Ma waho o Kina, ua paʻa ka mana o ka coke nila, me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe OMSK o Rusia e kūkulu i kahi ʻāpana coke nila 38kt/a i ka makahiki 2021.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i ka hana ʻana o ka nila coke ma Kina i nā makahiki 5 i hala iho nei. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke Kiʻi 1, ua hoʻokō ka hana ʻana o ka nila coke ma Kina i ka ulu nui ʻana, me ka nui o ka ulu makahiki o 45% i loko o 5 mau makahiki. I ka makahiki 2020, ua hōʻea ka huina o ka hana ʻana o ka nila coke ma Kina i 517kT, me 176kT o nā moʻo lanahu a me 341kT o nā moʻo aila.
1.2 Ka lawe ʻana mai o ka nila coke
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 2 i ke kūlana lawe mai o ka nila coke ma Kina i nā makahiki 5 i hala iho nei. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke Kiʻi 2, ma mua o ka maʻi ahulau COVID-19, ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka lawe mai o ka nila coke ma Kina, a hiki i ka 270kT i ka makahiki 2019, kahi moʻolelo kiʻekiʻe loa. I ka makahiki 2020, ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka nila coke i lawe ʻia mai, ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokūkū, ka nui o ka waihona awa, a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka maʻi ahulau ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka nui o ka lawe mai o Kina o ka nila coke i ka makahiki 2020 he 132kt wale nō, i lalo he 51% i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Wahi a nā helu helu, i ka nila coke i lawe ʻia mai i ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka nila coke aila he 27.5kT, i lalo he 82.93% i kēlā me kēia makahiki; ʻO ke ana ʻana o ka lanahu nila coke 104.1kt, 18.26% ʻoi aku ma mua o ka makahiki i hala, ʻo ke kumu nui ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka hopena o ka halihali moana o Iapana a me Kōlea Hema e ka maʻi ahulau, ʻo ka lua, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai o kekahi mau huahana mai Iapana a me Kōlea Hema ma mua o nā huahana like ma Kina, a nui ka nui o ke kauoha ma lalo.
1.3 Kuhikuhi noi o ka nila coke
ʻO ka nila coke kahi ʻano kalapona kiʻekiʻe, kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā electrode graphite mana kiʻekiʻe loa a me nā mea anode graphite hana. ʻO nā kahua noi hope koʻikoʻi ka hana kila umu arc uila a me nā pila mana no nā kaʻa ikehu hou.
Hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3 ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka nila coke ma Kina i nā makahiki 5 i hala iho nei. ʻO ka electrode graphite ka ʻoihana noi nui loa, a ke komo nei ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ke koi i kahi pae pālahalaha, ʻoiai ke hoʻomau nei nā mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole i ka ulu wikiwiki. I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka huina o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka nila coke ma Kina (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waihona) he 740kT, nona ka 340kT o ka mea maikaʻi ʻole a me 400kt o ka electrode graphite i hoʻopau ʻia, e helu ana i 45% o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka mea maikaʻi ʻole.
2.1 Ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana kila eAF
ʻO ka ʻoihana hao a me ke kila kekahi mea hana nui o nā hoʻokuʻu kalapona ma Kina. ʻElua mau ʻano hana nui o ka hao a me ke kila: ka umu pahū a me ka umu ʻālohilohi uila. I waena o lākou, hiki i ka hana kila o ka umu ʻālohilohi uila ke hōʻemi i nā hoʻokuʻu kalapona ma 60%, a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hana hou ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai kila ʻōpala a hōʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka lawe ʻana mai o ka hao. Ua manaʻo ka ʻoihana hao a me ke kila e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pahuhopu o "peak kalapona" a me "neutrality kalapona" ma 2025. Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ke kulekele ʻoihana hao a me ke kila aupuni, e nui ana nā hale hana kila e pani i ke kila hoʻololi a me ka umu pahū me ka umu ʻālohilohi uila.
I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka hana kila maka o Kina he 1054.4mt, nona ka hana o ke kila eAF ma kahi o 96Mt, e helu ana i 9.1% wale nō o ka huina kila maka, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 18% o ka awelika o ka honua, 67% o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, 39% o ka ʻAhahui ʻEulopa, a me 22% o ke kila EAF o Iapana, aia kahi nui no ka holomua. Wahi a ka palapala hoʻolālā o "Guidance on Promoting high-quality Development of Iron and Steel Industry" i hoʻopuka ʻia e ke Kuhina o ka ʻOihana a me ka ʻIke ʻIke ma Dekemaba 31, 2020, pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka hapa o ka hana kila eAF i ka huina kila maka i 15% ~ 20% ma ka makahiki 2025. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hana kila eAF e hoʻonui nui i ke koi no nā electrodes graphite mana ultra-kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomohala o ka umu arc uila kūloko he kiʻekiʻe a nui, e hōʻike ana i kahi koi nui no nā kikoʻī nui a me ka electrode graphite mana ultra-kiʻekiʻe.
2.2 Ke kūlana hana o ka electrode graphite
He mea pono ka electrode graphite no ka hana kila eAF. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 4 i ka hiki ke hana a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka electrode graphite ma Kina i nā makahiki 5 i hala iho nei. Ua piʻi ka hiki ke hana o ka electrode graphite mai 1050kT /a i ka makahiki 2016 a i 2200kt/a i ka makahiki 2020, me ka ulu makahiki hui o 15.94%. ʻO kēia mau makahiki ʻelima ka manawa o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka hiki ke hana i ka electrode graphite, a me ke kaʻina holo o ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana electrode graphite. Ma mua o 2017, ʻo ka ʻoihana electrode graphite ma ke ʻano he ʻoihana hana kuʻuna me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka haumia kiʻekiʻe, hoʻemi nā ʻoihana electrode graphite kūloko nui i ka hana ʻana, kū nā ʻoihana electrode graphite liʻiliʻi a me ka waena i ka pani ʻana, a pono nā pilikua electrode honua e hoʻōki i ka hana ʻana, kūʻai hou aku a puka. I ka makahiki 2017, i hoʻohuli ʻia a hoʻokele ʻia e ke kulekele hoʻokele aupuni o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka "papa kila papahele", ua piʻi nui ke kumukūʻai o ka electrode graphite ma Kina. Hoʻoulu ʻia e ka loaʻa kālā keu, ua hoʻolauna ka mākeke electrode graphite i kahi nalu o ka hoʻomaka hou ʻana o ka hiki a me ka hoʻonui ʻana.
I ka makahiki 2019, ua hōʻea ka hana o ka electrode graphite ma Kina i kahi kiʻekiʻe hou i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, a hiki i ka 1189kT. I ka makahiki 2020, ua emi ka hana o ka electrode graphite i 1020kT ma muli o ka nāwaliwali o ke koi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi ahulau. Akā ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua nui loa ka hiki o ka ʻoihana electrode graphite o Kina, a ua emi ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana mai 70% i ka makahiki 2017 a i 46% i ka makahiki 2020, he helu hoʻohana haʻahaʻa hou.
2.3 Ka loiloi koi o ka coke nila ma ka ʻoihana electrode graphite
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kila eAF e hoʻoulu i ke koi no ka electrode graphite mana kiʻekiʻe loa. Ua manaʻo ʻia e pili ana ke koi no ka electrode graphite i 1300kt i ka makahiki 2025, a ʻo ke koi no ka coke nila maka ma kahi o 450kT. No ka mea, i ka hana ʻana o ka electrode graphite mana nui a me ka ultra-kiʻekiʻe a me ka hui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka coke nila aila ma mua o ka coke nila lanahu, e hoʻonui hou ʻia ka hapa o ke koi o ka electrode graphite no ka coke nila aila, e noho ana i ka mākeke o ka coke nila lanahu.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Malaki-23-2022