Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Graphite i ka graphite artificial a me ka graphite kūlohelohe, nā mālama mālama ʻia o ka graphite kūlohelohe ma kahi o 2 biliona tons.
Loaʻa ka graphite artificial e ka decomposition a me ka mālama wela o nā mea i loaʻa i ke kalapona ma lalo o ke kaomi maʻamau.Pono kēia hoʻololi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela a me ka ikehu e like me ka ikaika hoʻokele, a e hoʻololi ʻia ka hale hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ʻano aniani graphite i kauoha ʻia.
ʻO ka graphitization ma ke ʻano ākea loa o ka mea kalapona ma luna o 2000 ℃ kiʻekiʻe wela wela ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i nā carbon atoms, akā naʻe kekahi mau mea kalapona i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 3000 ℃ graphitization, ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano mea kalapona ma ke ʻano he "lāhuhu paʻakikī", no ka mea. ʻO nā mea kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia maʻalahi, ʻo ke ʻano hana graphitization kuʻuna me ke ʻano wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, catalytic graphitization, chemical vapor deposition method, etc.
ʻO ka graphitization kahi ala kūpono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe o nā mea carbonaceous.Ma hope o ka noiʻi nui a me ka hohonu a ka poʻe naʻauao, ʻo ia ke ʻano oʻo i kēia manawa.Eia nō naʻe, ke kaupalena nei kekahi mau mea maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka graphitization kuʻuna i ka ʻoihana, no laila he mea hiki ʻole ke ʻimi i nā ʻano hana graphitization hou.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka makahiki 19 ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo kāna kumu kumu a me nā ʻano hana hou e hoʻomau mau ana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i kēia manawa i ka ʻoihana metallurgical kuʻuna, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 21, ʻo ka metala i loko. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka electrolytic hoʻemi hoʻemi ʻana o nā metala elemental i lilo i mea koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoi aku ka ikaika,
I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike nui ʻia kahi ala hou no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea graphite e ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe electrolysis.
Ma o ka cathodic polarization a me ka electrodeposition, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole ʻelua o ka carbon raw material i mau mea nano-graphite me ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe.Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻenehana graphitization kuʻuna, ʻo ke ʻano hana graphitization hou nā mea maikaʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka morphology controllable.
Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka holomua o ka graphitization ma ke ʻano electrochemical, hoʻolauna i kēia ʻenehana hou, kānana i kona mau pono a me nā hemahema, a ke manaʻo nei i kāna ʻano hoʻomohala e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka paʻakai electrolytic cathode polarization
1.1 ka mea maka
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mea nui o ka graphite artificial ʻo ia ka nila coke a me ka pitch coke o ka degere graphitization kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke koena o ka aila a me ka lanahu e like me ka mea maka e hana ai i nā mea kalapona kiʻekiʻe, me ka porosity haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa sulfur, haʻahaʻa lehu. ʻikepili a me nā pono o ka graphitization, ma hope o kona hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka graphite he kūʻē maikaʻi i ka hopena, ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe, resistivity haʻahaʻa,
Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ka mālama ʻana i ka aila a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai aila i kona hoʻomohala ʻana, no laila ua lilo ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea maka hou i pilikia wikiwiki e hoʻoponopono ʻia.
Loaʻa nā palena kiʻi kiʻi kuʻuna, a hoʻohana nā ʻano hana graphitization ʻokoʻa i nā mea maka.No ka kalapona i hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻano kuʻuna ke graphitize ia, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano electrochemical o ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe electrolysis e haki i ka palena o nā mea maka, a ua kūpono i nā mea kalapona kahiko āpau.
Loaʻa nā mea kalapona kuʻuna i ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, carbon activated, lanahu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Lawe ka ʻīnika ma ka lanahu i ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he precursor a hoʻomākaukau ʻia i nā huahana graphite i ka wela kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka mālama mua ʻana.
I kēia mau lā, ua noi kēia pepa i nā ʻano electrochemical hou, e like me Peng, e ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe electrolysis ʻaʻole hiki ke graphitized kalapona ʻeleʻele i loko o ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe o ka graphite, ka electrolysis o nā laʻana graphite i loaʻa i ka petal shape graphite nanometer chips, he kiʻekiʻe kikoʻī kikoʻī āpana. i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lithium battery cathode i hōʻike i ka hana electrochemical maikaʻi loa ma mua o ka graphite kūlohelohe.
ʻO Zhu et al.E hoʻokomo i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i mālama ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe CaCl2 no ka electrolysis ma 950 ℃, a hoʻololi i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana i ka hana maikaʻi a me ke ola pōʻai lōʻihi ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka anode o ka pākaukau lithium ion. .
Hōʻike ka hoʻokolohua he hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano mea kalapona kahiko i graphite ma o ka electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e wehe ana i kahi ala hou no ka graphite synthetic e hiki mai ana.
1.2 ka mīkini o
Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe i ke kalapona ma ke ʻano he cathode a hoʻololi iā ia i graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe ma o ka cathodic polarization.I kēia manawa, haʻi ka palapala i kēia manawa i ka wehe ʻana o ka oxygen a me ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā kalapona kalapona i ke kaʻina hoʻololi o ka cathodic polarization.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen i nā mea kalapona e pale i ka graphitization i kekahi ʻano.Ma ke kaʻina hana graphitization kuʻuna, e hoʻoneʻe mālie ʻia ka oxygen ke piʻi ka mahana ma mua o 1600K.Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi loa ka deoxidize ma o ka cathodic polarization.
ʻO Peng, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o nā hoʻokolohua no ka manawa mua e hoʻopuka i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe electrolysis cathodic polarization hiki, ʻo ia ka graphitization kahi e hoʻomaka ai e loaʻa i loko o nā microspheres kalapona paʻa / electrolyte interface, ʻano microsphere mua a puni kahi anawaena like. graphite shell, a laila, ʻaʻole loa e paʻa nā ʻātoma kalapona kalapona anhydrous i paʻa loa i waho graphite flake, a hiki i ka graphitized holoʻokoʻa,
Hoʻopili ʻia ke kaʻina hana graphitization me ka wehe ʻana o ka oxygen, i hōʻoia pū ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua.
Jin et al.ua hōʻoia pū i kēia manaʻo ma o nā hoʻokolohua.Ma hope o ka carbonization o ka glucose, ua lawe ʻia ka graphitization (17% oxygen content).Ma hope o ka graphitization, ua ho'okumu 'ia nā pō'ai kalapona pa'a maoli (Fig. 1a a me 1c) i pūpū porous i haku 'ia me nā nanosheets graphite (Fig. 1b a me 1d).
Ma o ka electrolysis o nā kalapona kalapona (16% oxygen), hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā fibers kalapona i mau paipu graphite ma hope o ka graphitization e like me ka mīkini hoʻololi i manaʻo ʻia ma ka palapala.
Manaʻoʻiʻo ia, ka lōʻihi mamao neʻe ma lalo o cathodic polarization o kalapona'ātoma ka kiʻekiʻe aniani graphite i amorphous kalapona rearrange pono e hana, synthetic graphite unique petals shape nanostructures pōmaikaʻi mai oxygen nā mana mai, akā, i ka kiko'ī pehea e hoʻoikaika i ka graphite nanometer kūkulu 'aʻole maopopo. e like me ka oxygen mai ka iwi kalapona ma hope o ka hopena o ka cathode, etc.,
I kēia manawa, aia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka mīkini i ka pae mua, a pono e noiʻi hou aku.
1.3 ʻO ke ʻano morphological o ka graphite synthetic
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo SEM e nānā i ka microscopic surface morphology o ka graphite, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TEM e nānā i ka morphology structural o ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 0.2 μm, XRD a me Raman spectroscopy ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i ka microstructure o ka graphite, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo XRD e ʻike i ka aniani. ʻike o ka graphite, a hoʻohana ʻia ka spectroscopy Raman e ʻike i nā hemahema a me ka degere o ka graphite.
Nui nā pores i ka graphite i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka cathode polarization o ka electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe.No nā mea maka like ʻole, e like me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele electrolysis, loaʻa nā nanostructure porous e like me petal.Hana ʻia ka loiloi spectrum XRD a me Raman ma ke kalapona ʻeleʻele ma hope o ka electrolysis.
Ma 827 ℃, ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana me ka volta 2.6V no 1h, ʻaneʻane like ke kiʻi spectral Raman o ke kalapona ʻeleʻele me ka graphite kalepa.Ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka ʻeleʻele kalapona me nā mahana like ʻole, e ana ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka graphite (002).Hōʻike ka piko ʻokoʻa (002) i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka papa kalapona ʻala i ka graphite.
ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o ke kalapona kalapona, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o kona ʻano.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Zhu i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e like me ka cathode i ka hoʻokolohua, a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka microstructure o ka huahana graphitized mai granular a nui graphite structure, a ua ʻike pū ʻia ka papa graphite paʻa ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lawe ʻana i ka microscope electron.
Ma Raman spectra, me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua, ua loli pū ka waiwai ID/Ig.I ka 950 ℃ ka wela electrolytic, 6h ka manawa electrolytic, a ʻo 2.6V ka uila electrolytic, ʻo ka helu haʻahaʻa ID / Ig he 0.3, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka D peak ma mua o ka G peak.I ka manawa like, ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka piko 2D i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke ʻano graphite i kauoha ʻia.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ʻokiʻoki (002) i loko o ke kiʻi XRD e hōʻoia pū ana i ka hoʻololi kūleʻa o ka lanahu haʻahaʻa i graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe.
Ma ke kaʻina hana graphitization, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana a me ka volta e pāʻani i kahi kūlana hoʻolaha, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka uila e hōʻemi i ka hua o ka graphite, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka manawa graphitization e alakaʻi i ka pau ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai, no laila no nā mea kalapona ʻokoʻa. , he mea ko'iko'i ka 'imi 'ana i nā kūlana electrolytic kūpono loa, 'o ia ho'i ka mana'o a me ka pa'akikī.
Loaʻa nā waiwai electrochemical maikaʻi o kēia petal-like flake nanostructure.ʻO ka nui o nā pores e hiki ke hoʻokomo koke i nā ion / deembedded, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe no nā pila, a pēlā aku.
ʻO ke ʻano electrodeposition paʻakai hehee
2.1 Electrodeposition o carbon dioxide
ʻOiai ʻo ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo koʻikoʻi loa, ʻo CO2 he mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole, ʻaʻohe pōʻino, haʻahaʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi i loaʻa i nā kumuwaiwai hou.Eia nō naʻe, aia ke kalapona i loko o CO2 i ke kūlana oxidation kiʻekiʻe loa, no laila, loaʻa i ka CO2 ke kūpaʻa thermodynamic kiʻekiʻe, a he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻohana hou.
Hiki ke huli ʻia ka noiʻi mua loa e pili ana i ka electrodeposition CO2 i ka makahiki 1960.Ingram et al.Ua hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi ʻia ke kalapona ma ka electrode gula ma ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe o Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3.
ʻO Van et al.Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ʻo nā pauka kalapona i loaʻa ma nā mea hiki ke hoʻemi like ʻole he mau hale like ʻole, me ka graphite, carbon amorphous a me carbon nanofibers.
Ma o ka paʻakai hehee e hopu CO2 a me ka hoomakaukau ana o ka kalapona waiwai pomaikai, ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ka noiʻi 'imi naʻauao i kālele 'ana i ka kalapona deposition hoʻokumu 'ana me ka hopena o ka electrolysis kūlana ma ka hope huahana, e komo electrolytic wela, electrolytic voltage a me ka haku mele. ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe a me nā electrodes, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hana kiʻekiʻe o nā mea graphite no ka electrodeposition o CO2 ua kau i kahi kumu paʻa.
Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka electrolyte a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe CaCl2 me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopu CO2, Hu et al.Ua hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi ʻia ka graphene me ka degere graphitization kiʻekiʻe a me nā nanotubes kalapona a me nā hale nanographite ʻē aʻe ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā kūlana electrolytic e like me ka mahana electrolysis, haku mele a me ka haku paʻakai hehee.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻōnaehana carbonate, ʻo CaCl2 nā mea maikaʻi o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka maʻalahi e loaʻa, kiʻekiʻe conductivity, maʻalahi e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai, a me ka solubility kiʻekiʻe o nā ion oxygen, e hāʻawi ana i nā kūlana theoretical no ka hoʻololi ʻana o CO2 i nā huahana graphite me ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe.
2.2 Mechanism Hoololi
ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea kalapona i hoʻohui ʻia e ka electrodeposition o CO2 mai ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka nui o ka hopu ʻana o CO2 a me ka hōʻemi ʻole.Hoʻopau ʻia ka hopu ʻana o CO2 e ka O2- manuahi i ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Haʻawina (1):
CO2+O2-→CO3 2- (1)
I kēia manawa, ʻekolu mau ʻano hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole i manaʻo ʻia: hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu pane, ʻelua-ʻanuʻu pane a me ka metala hoʻohaʻahaʻa pane ʻōnaehana.
Ua hoʻopuka mua ʻia e Ingram ke ʻano hoʻololi hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Equation (2):
CO3 2-+ 4E – →C+3O2- (2)
Na Borucka et al., e like me ka hoike ana ma ka Equation (3-4):
CO3 2-+ 2E – →CO2 2-+O2- (3)
CO2 2-+ 2E – →C+2O2- (4)
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka metala i manaʻo ʻia e Deanhardt et al.Manaʻo lākou ua hoʻemi mua ʻia nā iona metala i metala ma ka cathode, a laila ua hoʻemi ʻia ka metala i nā iona carbonate, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Equation (5~6):
M- + E – →M (5)
4 m + M2CO3 – > C + 3 m2o (6)
I kēia manawa, ʻae ʻia ke ʻano hana hoʻoneʻe hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu i loko o nā palapala e kū nei.
ʻO Yin et al.ua aʻo i ka ʻōnaehana carbonate Li-Na-K me ka nickel ma ke ʻano he cathode, tin dioxide ma ke anode a me ka uea kālā ma ke ʻano electrode kuhikuhi, a loaʻa i ka cyclic voltammetry hōʻike huahelu ma Figure 2 (scanning rate of 100 mV/s) ma nickel cathode, a loaʻa. aia hoʻokahi wale nō ka hoʻēmi ʻana kiʻekiʻe (ma -2.0V) i ka nānā ʻino.
No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia hoʻokahi wale nō pane i ka wā o ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka carbonate.
ʻO Gao et al.loaʻa ka voltammetry cyclic like ma ka ʻōnaehana carbonate like.
ʻO Ge et al.ua hoʻohana i ka anode inert a me ka tungsten cathode e hopu i ka CO2 i loko o ka ʻōnaehana LiCl-Li2CO3 a loaʻa nā kiʻi like, a ʻo kahi kiʻekiʻe hoʻemi o ka deposition kalapona i ʻike ʻia i ka nānā ʻana.
I loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe alkaline, e hana ʻia nā metala alkali a me CO i ka wā e waiho ʻia ke kalapona e ka cathode.Eia naʻe, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā kūlana thermodynamic o ka hoʻoheheʻe kalapona i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka carbonate i kalapona ma ka hoʻokolohua.
2.3 CO2 hopu ʻia e ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i nā huahana graphite
Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā nanomaterial graphite kiʻekiʻe e like me graphene a me carbon nanotubes e ka electrodeposition o CO2 mai ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua.Hu et al.hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila ma ke ʻano he cathode i ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo CaCl2-NaCl-CaO a electrolyzed no 4h ma lalo o ke kūlana o 2.6V mau uila ma nā mahana like ʻole.
Mahalo i ka catalysis o ka hao a me ka hopena pahū o CO ma waena o nā papa graphite, ua loaʻa ka graphene ma ka ʻili o ka cathode.Hōʻike ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau o ka graphene ma Fig. 3.
ʻO ke kiʻi
Ma hope haʻawina hoʻohui Li2SO4 ma ke kumu o CaCl2-NaClCaO hooheheeia paʻakai nenoaiu, electrolysis mahana ua 625 ℃, ma hope o 4h o electrolysis, i ka manawa like i ka cathodic deposition o kalapona i loaʻa graphene a me kalapona nanotubes, ka haʻawina i loaʻa i Li + a me SO4 2 - e lawe mai i ka hopena maikaʻi ma ka graphitization.
Hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka Sulfur i loko o ke kino kalapona, a hiki ke loaʻa nā pepa graphite ultra-thin a me ke kalapona filamentous ma ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kūlana electrolytic.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā mea e like me ka wela electrolytic o ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka graphene, inā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mahana ma mua o 800 ℃ ma mua o ke kalapona, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe deposition kalapona ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 950 ℃, no laila he mea koʻikoʻi ka mana o ka mahana. e hana i graphene a me kalapona nanotubes, a hoihoi i ka pono kalapona deposition reaction CO reaction synergy e hōʻoia i ka cathode e hoʻohua i ka graphene paʻa.
Hāʻawi kēia mau hana i kahi ala hou no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā huahana nano-graphite e CO2, he mea koʻikoʻi nui ia no ka hoʻonā ʻana o nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka graphene.
3. Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo a me Outlook
Me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana ikehu hou, ʻaʻole hiki i ka graphite kūlohelohe ke hoʻokō i ka koi o kēia manawa, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka graphite artificial ma mua o ka graphite kūlohelohe, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka graphitization, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ke kaiapuni.
ʻO nā ʻano hana electrochemical graphitization i nā mea paʻa a me ke kinoea me ke ʻano o ka cathodic polarization a me ka electrochemical deposition ua kūleʻa i waho o nā mea graphite me ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano kuʻuna o ka graphitization, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano electrochemical, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu. ʻO ka palekana kaiapuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo, no ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e nā mea koho i ka manawa like, e like me nā kūlana electrolysis like ʻole hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia i nā ʻano morphology o ka hoʻolālā graphite,
Hāʻawi ia i kahi ala kūpono no nā ʻano kalapona amorphous a me nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻololi ʻia i mea waiwai graphite nano-structured waiwai a loaʻa kahi manaʻo noi maikaʻi.
I kēia manawa, aia kēia ʻenehana i kona wā kamaliʻi.He liʻiliʻi nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka graphitization ma ke ʻano electrochemical, a he nui nā hana i ʻike ʻole ʻia.No laila, pono e hoʻomaka mai nā mea maka a hana i kahi noiʻi ākea a me ka systematic e pili ana i nā carbon amorphous like ʻole, a ma ka manawa like e ʻimi i ka thermodynamics a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka graphite i kahi pae hohonu.
He koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kēia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana graphite e hiki mai ana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-10-2021