Ua māhele ʻia ka Graphite i ka graphite artificial a me ka graphite kūlohelohe, ʻo ka nui o nā waihona graphite kūlohelohe i hōʻoia ʻia o ka honua he 2 biliona tons.
Loaʻa ka graphite artificial ma o ka decomposition a me ka mālama wela ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa i ke kalapona ma lalo o ke kaomi maʻamau. Pono kēia hoʻololi i ka mahana a me ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe e like me ka ikaika hoʻokele, a e hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano i hoʻonohonoho ʻole ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano kristal graphite i kauoha ʻia.
ʻO ke ʻano ākea o ka graphitization ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻātoma kalapona ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kalapona ma luna o 2000 ℃ me ka wela kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e hoʻololi ai ke kalapona i kekahi mau mea kalapona ma luna o 3000 ℃, ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano kalapona ʻo "lanahu paʻakikī". No ka maʻalahi o ke kalapona graphitization, ʻo ke ʻano graphitization kuʻuna e pili ana i ke ʻano wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ka graphitization catalytic, ke ʻano waiho ʻana o ka mahu kemika, a pēlā aku.
ʻO ke kalapona kahi ala kūpono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kalapona me ka waiwai nui. Ma hope o ka noiʻi nui a hohonu e nā mea akamai, ua oʻo ia i kēia manawa. Eia nō naʻe, ke kaupalena nei kekahi mau mea maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kalapona kuʻuna i ka ʻoihana, no laila he ʻano hiki ʻole ke pale ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻano kalapona hou.
ʻO ke ʻano hana electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka kenekulia 19 ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo kona kumumanaʻo kumu a me nā ʻano hana hou e hoʻomau mau nei i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka ʻoihana metallurgical kuʻuna, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 21, ua lilo ka metala i loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka electrolytic oxide paʻa o nā metala elemental i mea nui i ka hana hou aku.
I kēia mau lā iho nei, ua huki nui ʻia ka manaʻo e kahi ʻano hana hou no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea graphite ma o ka electrolysis paʻakai heheʻe.
Ma o ke ʻano o ka polarization cathodic a me ka electrodeposition, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua o nā mea maka kalapona i nā mea nano-graphite me ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻenehana graphitization kuʻuna, ʻo ke ʻano graphitization hou he mau pono o ka mahana graphitization haʻahaʻa a me ke ʻano hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia.
Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka holomua o ka graphitization ma ke ʻano electrochemical, hoʻolauna i kēia ʻenehana hou, kālailai i kona mau pono a me nā hemahema, a me nā manaʻolana i kona ʻano hoʻomohala e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka mea mua, ke ʻano polarization cathode electrolytic paʻakai heheʻe
1.1 ka mea maka
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mea nui o ka graphite artificial he nila coke a me ka pitch coke o ke kekelē graphitization kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi e ke koena aila a me ke kēpau lanahu e like me ka mea maka e hana i nā mea kalapona kiʻekiʻe, me ka porosity haʻahaʻa, ka sulfur haʻahaʻa, ka lehu haʻahaʻa a me nā pono o ka graphitization, ma hope o kona hoʻomākaukau ʻana i loko o ka graphite he kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka hopena, ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe, resistivity haʻahaʻa.
Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia kona hoʻomohala ʻana e ka palena o nā waihona aila a me nā kumukūʻai aila e loli mau ana, no laila ua lilo ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea maka hou i pilikia wikiwiki e hoʻoponopono ʻia.
He mau palena ko nā ʻano hana graphitization kuʻuna, a hoʻohana nā ʻano hana graphitization like ʻole i nā mea maka like ʻole. No ke kalapona ʻaʻole i graphitized, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻano hana kuʻuna ke graphitize iā ia, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano electrochemical o ka electrolysis paʻakai heheʻe e uhaʻi ana i ka palena o nā mea maka, a kūpono no ka aneane o nā mea kalapona kuʻuna āpau.
ʻO nā mea kalapona kuʻuna e komo pū ana me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele, ke kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia, ka lanahu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lanahu ka mea hoʻohiki nui loa. Hoʻohana ka ʻīnika lanahu i ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he mea mua a hoʻomākaukau ʻia i loko o nā huahana graphite ma ke ana wela kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka mālama mua ʻana.
I kēia manawa, ua hāpai kēia pepa i nā ʻano electrochemical hou, e like me Peng, ma o ka electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻaʻole paha e hoʻopili i ke kalapona ʻeleʻele i loko o ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe o ka graphite, ʻo ka electrolysis o nā laʻana graphite e loaʻa ana nā ʻāpana nanometer graphite ʻano petal, he kiʻekiʻe ka ʻili kikoʻī, i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai no ka cathode pākahiko lithium i hōʻike i ka hana electrochemical maikaʻi loa ma mua o ka graphite kūlohelohe.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Zhu et al. i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa i mālama ʻia i ka deashing i loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo CaCl2 no ka electrolysis ma 950 ℃, a ua hoʻololi pono i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa i graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe, kahi i hōʻike i ka hana wikiwiki maikaʻi a me ke ola pōʻaiapuni lōʻihi i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai e like me ka anode o ka pākahi lithium ion.
Hōʻike ka hoʻokolohua he mea hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano mea kalapona kuʻuna like ʻole i graphite ma o ka electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, kahi e wehe ai i kahi ala hou no ka graphite synthetic e hiki mai ana.
1.2 ke ʻano hana o
Hoʻohana ke ʻano electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe i ka mea kalapona ma ke ʻano he cathode a hoʻololi iā ia i graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe ma o ka polarization cathodic. I kēia manawa, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā palapala e pili ana i ka wehe ʻana o ka oxygen a me ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā ʻātoma kalapona i kahi mamao loa i ke kaʻina hoʻololi hiki o ka polarization cathodic.
ʻO ke alo o ka oxygen i loko o nā mea kalapona e keakea i ka graphitization i kekahi ʻano. I ke kaʻina hana graphitization kuʻuna, e wehe mālie ʻia ka oxygen ke kiʻekiʻe ka mahana ma mua o 1600K. Eia nō naʻe, he mea maʻalahi loa ka deoxidize ma o ka cathodic polarization.
I nā hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻokomo mua ʻo Peng i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe paʻakai electrolysis cathodic polarization potential, ʻo ia hoʻi ka graphitization kahi e hoʻomaka ai ma kahi paʻa o nā microspheres kalapona / electrolyte interface, ʻo ka microsphere kalapona mua e hoʻokumu i kahi pūpū graphite like ke anawaena, a laila ʻaʻole paʻa nā ʻātoma kalapona anhydrous i hoʻolaha ʻia i kahi flake graphite waho paʻa, a hiki i ka graphitization piha ʻana.
Ua hele pū ʻia ke kaʻina hana graphitization me ka wehe ʻana o ka oxygen, kahi i hōʻoia ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua.
Ua hōʻoia pū ʻo Jin et al. i kēia manaʻo ma o nā hoʻokolohua. Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka glucose me ke kalapona, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka graphitization (17% o ka oxygen content). Ma hope o ka graphitization, ua hoʻokumu nā spheres kalapona paʻa mua (Kiʻi 1a a me 1c) i kahi pūpū porous i haku ʻia me nā nanosheets graphite (Kiʻi 1b a me 1d).
Ma o ka electrolysis o nā olonā kalapona (16% oxygen), hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā olonā kalapona i loko o nā ʻōmole graphite ma hope o ka graphitization e like me ke ʻano hoʻololi i kuhi ʻia ma ka palapala.
Manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia, aia ka neʻe ʻana o ka mamao loa ma lalo o ka polarization cathodic o nā ʻātoma kalapona i ka graphite kristal kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ke kalapona amorphous. Pono e hana ʻia nā nanostructures ʻano petals graphite synthetic e pōmaikaʻi mai nā ʻātoma oxygen mai, akā pehea e hoʻohuli ai i ka ʻano nanometer graphite kikoʻī ʻaʻole maopopo, e like me ke ʻano o ka oxygen mai ke kalapona ma hope o ka pane cathode, a pēlā aku.
I kēia manawa, aia nō ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana i ke kahua mua, a pono e noiʻi hou ʻia.
1.3 Ke ʻano morphological o ka graphite synthetic
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo SEM e nānā i ke ʻano o ka ʻili microscopic o ka graphite, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TEM e nānā i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma lalo o 0.2 μm, ʻo XRD a me Raman spectroscopy nā ala i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e wehewehe i ka microstructure o ka graphite, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo XRD e wehewehe i ka ʻike kristal o ka graphite, a hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Raman spectroscopy e wehewehe i nā hemahema a me ke kekelē kauoha o ka graphite.
Nui nā pores i loko o ka graphite i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka cathode polarization o ka electrolysis paʻakai heheʻe. No nā mea maka like ʻole, e like me ka electrolysis kalapona ʻeleʻele, loaʻa nā nanostructures porous e like me ka petal. Hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana o XRD a me Raman spectrum ma ka kalapona ʻeleʻele ma hope o ka electrolysis.
Ma 827 ℃, ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana me ka uila 2.6V no 1h, ua aneane like ke kiʻi spectral Raman o ke kalapona ʻeleʻele me ko ke graphite kalepa. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ke kalapona ʻeleʻele me nā mahana like ʻole, ua ana ʻia ka piko hiʻohiʻona graphite ʻoi (002). Hōʻike ka piko diffraction (002) i ke kekelē o ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka papa kalapona ʻala i loko o ka graphite.
ʻO ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi o ka papa kalapona, ʻo ka ʻoi aku ka pololei o kona kuhikuhi ʻana.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Zhu i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano he cathode i ka hoʻokolohua, a ua hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano microstructure o ka huahana graphitized mai ka granular a i ka ʻano graphite nui, a ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka papa graphite paʻa ma lalo o ka microscope electron hoʻoili wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe.
I loko o nā spectra Raman, me ka loli ʻana o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua, ua loli pū ka waiwai ID/Ig. I ka wā i 950 ℃ ka mahana electrolytic, ʻo 6h ka manawa electrolytic, a ʻo 2.6V ka volta electrolytic, ʻo 0.3 ka waiwai ID/Ig haʻahaʻa loa, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka piko D ma mua o ka piko G. I ka manawa like, ʻo ke ʻano o ka piko 2D ua hōʻike pū i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻano graphite i kauoha nui ʻia.
ʻO ka piko diffraction ʻoi (002) i ke kiʻi XRD e hōʻoia pū ana i ka hoʻololi kūleʻa o ka lanahu haʻahaʻa i loko o ka graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe.
I ke kaʻina hana graphitization, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mahana a me ke voltage e pāʻani i kahi kuleana hoʻolaha, akā ʻo ke voltage kiʻekiʻe loa e hōʻemi i ka hua o ka graphite, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mahana a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka manawa graphitization e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonele ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai, no laila no nā mea kalapona like ʻole, he mea nui loa ia e ʻimi i nā kūlana electrolytic kūpono loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kiko a me ka paʻakikī.
He mau waiwai electrochemical maikaʻi loa kēia ʻano nanostructure flake e like me ka petal. ʻO ka nui o nā pores e ʻae i nā ions e hoʻokomo koke ʻia/wehe ʻia, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe no nā pila, a pēlā aku. No laila, ʻo ke ʻano electrochemical graphitization kahi ʻano graphitization hiki loa.
ʻAno hana electrodeposition paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia
2.1 Ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ke kalapona ʻokikene
Ma ke ʻano he kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo koʻikoʻi loa, he waiwai hou ʻole hoʻi ʻo CO2, ʻaʻohe mea ʻino, makepono ʻole, a maʻalahi hoʻi e loaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, aia ke kalapona i loko o CO2 i ke kūlana oxidation kiʻekiʻe loa, no laila he kiʻekiʻe ke kūpaʻa thermodynamic o CO2, kahi e paʻakikī ai ke hoʻohana hou.
Hiki ke huli ʻia ka noiʻi mua loa ma ka electrodeposition CO2 i nā makahiki 1960. Ua hoʻomākaukau pono ʻo Ingram et al. i ke kalapona ma ka electrode gula i loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai heheʻe o Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3.
Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Van et al. he ʻokoʻa nā ʻano o nā pauka kalapona i loaʻa ma nā potentials hōʻemi like ʻole, me ka graphite, ke kalapona amorphous a me nā nanofibers kalapona.
Ma o ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hopu i ka CO2 a me ke ʻano hoʻomākaukau o ka holomua o nā mea kalapona, ma hope o kahi manawa lōʻihi o ka noiʻi ʻana, ua kālele nā haumāna i ka ʻano hana hoʻokumu kalapona a me ka hopena o nā kūlana electrolysis ma ka huahana hope loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mahana electrolytic, ka uila electrolytic a me ka haku mele ʻana o ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā electrodes, a pēlā aku, ua hoʻokumu ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā mea graphite hana kiʻekiʻe no ka electrodeposition o CO2 i kahi kahua paʻa.
Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka electrolyte a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e CaCl2 me ka pono hopu CO2 kiʻekiʻe aʻe, ua hoʻomākaukau pono ʻo Hu et al. i ka graphene me ke kekelē graphitization kiʻekiʻe a me nā nanotubes kalapona a me nā ʻano nanographite ʻē aʻe ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā kūlana electrolytic e like me ka mahana electrolysis, ka haku mele electrode a me ka haku mele paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻōnaehana carbonate, loaʻa iā CaCl2 nā pono o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi e loaʻa, ke alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe, maʻalahi e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, a me ka solubility kiʻekiʻe o nā ion oxygen, e hāʻawi ana i nā kūlana theoretical no ka hoʻololi ʻana o CO2 i nā huahana graphite me ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia.
2.2 ʻAno Hoʻololi
ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā mea kalapona waiwai nui i hoʻohui ʻia e ka electrodeposition o CO2 mai ka paʻakai heheʻe e pili ana i ka hopu ʻana o CO2 a me ka hōʻemi ʻana ʻole. Hoʻopau ʻia ka hopu ʻana o CO2 e ka O2- manuahi i loko o ka paʻakai heheʻe, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Equation (1):
CO2+O2-→CO3 2- (1)
I kēia manawa, ua hāpai ʻia ʻekolu mau ʻano hana hoʻemi ʻaʻole pololei: ka hana hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu, ka hana ʻelua-ʻanuʻu a me ka ʻano hana hoʻemi metala.
Ua hāpai mua ʻia ke ʻano hana hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu e Ingram, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Equation (2):
CO3 2-+ 4E – →C+3O2- (2)
Ua hāpai ʻia ke ʻano hana ʻelua-ʻanuʻu e Borucka et al., e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Equation (3-4):
CO3 2-+ 2E – →CO2 2-+O2- (3)
CO2 2-+ 2E – →C+2O2- (4)
Ua hāpai ʻia ke ʻano o ka hopena hōʻemi metala e Deanhardt et al. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo lākou ua hoʻemi mua ʻia nā ion metala i metala ma ka cathode, a laila ua hoʻemi ʻia ka metala i nā ion carbonate, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Equation (5~6):
M- + E – →M (5)
4 m + M2CO3 – > C + 3 m2o (6)
I kēia manawa, ua ʻae ʻia ke ʻano hana hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu i loko o nā palapala e kū nei.
Ua aʻo ʻo Yin et al. i ka ʻōnaehana carbonate Li-Na-K me ka nickel ma ke ʻano he cathode, ka tin dioxide ma ke ʻano he anode a me ke kaula kālā ma ke ʻano he electrode kuhikuhi, a ua loaʻa iā lākou ke kiʻi hoʻāʻo voltammetry cyclic ma ke Kiʻi 2 (ka helu scanning o 100 mV/s) ma ka nickel cathode, a ua ʻike ʻia he hoʻokahi wale nō piko hoʻemi (ma -2.0V) i ka scanning maikaʻi ʻole.
No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia hoʻokahi wale nō hopena i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka carbonate.
Ua loaʻa iā Gao et al. ka cyclic voltammetry like i loko o ka ʻōnaehana carbonate like.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Ge et al. i ka anode inert a me ka tungsten cathode e hopu i ka CO2 i loko o ka ʻōnaehana LiCl-Li2CO3 a loaʻa nā kiʻi like, a ʻo kahi piko hōʻemi o ka waiho ʻana o ke kalapona i ʻike ʻia ma ka scan maikaʻi ʻole.
I loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka metala alkaline, e hoʻoulu ʻia nā metala alkali a me CO i ka wā e waiho ʻia ai ke kalapona e ka cathode. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā kūlana thermodynamic o ka hopena waiho kalapona ma kahi mahana haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka carbonate i kalapona wale nō ke ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻokolohua.
2.3 Ka hopu ʻana o ka CO2 e ka paʻakai heheʻe e hoʻomākaukau i nā huahana graphite
Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā nanomaterials graphite i hoʻohui ʻia me ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe e like me ka graphene a me nā nanotubes kalapona ma o ka electrodeposition o CO2 mai ka paʻakai heheʻe ma o ka kaohi ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Hu et al. i ke kila kila ma ke ʻano he cathode i loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai heheʻe ʻo CaCl2-NaCl-CaO a ua electrolyzed no 4h ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka 2.6V voltage mau ma nā mahana like ʻole.
Mahalo i ka catalysis o ka hao a me ka hopena pahū o CO ma waena o nā papa graphite, ua loaʻa ka graphene ma luna o ka ʻili o ka cathode. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau o ka graphene ma ke Kiʻi 3.
ʻO ke kiʻi
Ma hope mai, ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Li2SO4 ma ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai heheʻe ʻo CaCl2-NaClCaO, ʻo ka mahana o ka electrolysis he 625 ℃, ma hope o 4h o ka electrolysis, i ka manawa like i loaʻa ai ka graphene a me nā nanotubes kalapona i ka waiho ʻana o ke kalapona cathodic, ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana he hopena maikaʻi ʻo Li+ a me SO4 2- i ka graphitization.
Hoʻohui pono ʻia ka sulfur i loko o ke kino kalapona, a hiki ke loaʻa nā pepa graphite lahilahi loa a me ke kalapona filamentous ma ke kaohi ʻana i nā kūlana electrolytic.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā mea e like me ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka mahana electrolytic no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka graphene. I ka wā e ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o 800 ℃, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka CO2 ma kahi o ke kalapona. ʻAneʻane ʻaʻohe kalapona i ka wā e ʻoi aku ai ma mua o 950 ℃. No laila, he mea nui loa ka kaohi ʻana i ka mahana no ka hana ʻana i ka graphene a me nā nanotubes kalapona. Hoʻihoʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka CO2 i ka cathode e hōʻoia i ka paʻa o ka graphene.
Hāʻawi kēia mau hana i kahi ʻano hana hou no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā huahana nano-graphite e CO2, he mea nui loa ia no ka hoʻonā ʻana o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka graphene.
3. Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo a me ka Nānā
Me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana ikehu hou, ʻaʻole hiki i ka graphite kūlohelohe ke hoʻokō i ke koi o kēia manawa, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o ka graphite artificial ma mua o ka graphite kūlohelohe, no laila he pahuhopu lōʻihi ka graphitization haʻahaʻa, kūpono a me ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ke ʻano electrochemical graphitization i nā mea maka paʻa a me ke kinoea me ke ʻano o ka polarization cathodic a me ka electrochemical deposition ua kūleʻa i waho o nā mea graphite me ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano kuʻuna o ka graphitization, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pono o ke ʻano electrochemical, haʻahaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, palekana kaiapuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo, no ka liʻiliʻi i kaupalena ʻia e nā mea koho i ka manawa like, e like me nā kūlana electrolysis like ʻole hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻolālā graphite,
Hāʻawi ia i kahi ala kūpono no nā ʻano kalapona amorphous a me nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻololi ʻia i nā mea graphite nano-structured waiwai nui a he manaʻolana noi maikaʻi ko lākou.
I kēia manawa, aia kēia ʻenehana i kona wā kamaliʻi. He kakaikahi nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka graphitization ma ke ʻano electrochemical, a he nui nō nā kaʻina hana i ʻike ʻole ʻia. No laila, pono e hoʻomaka mai nā mea maka a hana i kahi noiʻi piha a ʻōnaehana hoʻi ma nā kalapona amorphous like ʻole, a i ka manawa like e ʻimi i ka thermodynamics a me nā dynamics o ka hoʻololi graphite i kahi pae hohonu.
He mea nui loa kēia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana graphite i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-10-2021