Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Graphite i ka graphite artificial a me ka graphite kūlohelohe, nā mālama mālama ʻia o ka graphite kūlohelohe ma kahi o 2 billion tons.
Loaʻa ka graphite artificial e ka decomposition a me ka mālama wela o nā mea i loaʻa i ke kalapona ma lalo o ke kaomi maʻamau. Pono kēia hoʻololi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela a me ka ikehu e like me ka ikaika hoʻokele, a e hoʻololi ʻia ka hale hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ʻano aniani graphite i kauoha ʻia.
ʻO ka graphitization ma ke ʻano ākea loa o ka mea kalapona ma luna o 2000 ℃ ka wela wela wela ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i nā carbon atoms, akā naʻe kekahi mau mea kalapona i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 3000 ℃ graphitization, ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano mea kalapona ʻo "hard charcoal", no ka maʻalahi o ka graphitized carbon material, ke ʻano hana graphitization kuʻuna, ke ʻano catalytic kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka graphitization kahi ala kūpono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe o nā mea carbonaceous. Ma hope o ka noiʻi nui a me ka hohonu a ka poʻe naʻauao, ua oʻo maoli ia i kēia manawa. Eia nō naʻe, ke kaupalena nei kekahi mau mea maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka graphitization kuʻuna i ka ʻoihana, no laila he mea hiki ʻole ke ʻimi i nā ʻano hana graphitization hou.
ʻO ke ʻano hana electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka kenekulia 19 ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻo kāna kumu kumu a me nā ʻano hana hou e hoʻomau mau nei a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka ʻoihana metallurgical kuʻuna, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 21, ʻo ka metala i loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe paʻa electrolytic hoʻoemi hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā metala elemental ua lilo i mea nui i ka ʻoihana.
I kēia mau lā, ua ʻike nui ʻia kahi ala hou no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea graphite e ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe electrolysis.
Ma o ka cathodic polarization a me ka electrodeposition, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano ʻano ʻelua o nā mea kalapona i nā mea nano-graphite me ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻenehana graphitization kuʻuna, ʻo ke ʻano hana graphitization hou nā mea maikaʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka morphology hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka holomua o ka graphitization ma ke ʻano electrochemical, hoʻolauna i kēia ʻenehana hou, kānana i kona mau pono a me nā hemahema, a ke manaʻo nei i kāna ʻano hoʻomohala e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka paʻakai electrolytic cathode polarization ala
1.1 ka mea maka
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mea nui o ka graphite artificial ʻo ia ka coke coke a me ka pitch coke o ke kiʻekiʻe graphitization degree, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke koena o ka aila a me ka pā lanahu e like me ka mea maka e hana ai i nā mea kalapona kiʻekiʻe, me ka porosity haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa sulfur, haʻahaʻa lehu a me nā pono o ka graphitization, ma hope o kona hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka graphite he kūʻē maikaʻi i ka hopena, ikaika ikaika, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ka mālama ʻana i ka aila a me ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai aila i kona hoʻomohala ʻana, no laila ua lilo ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea maka hou i pilikia wikiwiki e hoʻoponopono ʻia.
He mau palena ko nā ʻano hana kiʻi kiʻi kuʻuna, a hoʻohana nā ʻano hana graphitization ʻokoʻa i nā mea maka. No ka kalapona non-graphitized, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻano kuʻuna ke graphitize iā ia, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano electrochemical o ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe electrolysis e haki i ka palena o nā mea maka, a kūpono no nā mea kalapona kuʻuna āpau.
ʻO nā mea kalapona maʻamau ka carbon black, activated carbon, lanahu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Lawe ka ʻīnika ma ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he mea mua a hoʻomākaukau ʻia i nā huahana graphite i ka wela kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka mālama mua ʻana.
I kēia mau lā, ke noi nei kēia pepa i nā ʻano electrochemical hou, e like me Peng, e ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe electrolysis ʻaʻole hiki ke graphitized carbon black i loko o ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe o ka graphite, ka electrolysis o nā laʻana graphite i loaʻa i ka petal shape graphite nanometer chips, he kiʻekiʻe kikoʻī kikoʻī kikoʻī, ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka lithium battery cathode hōʻike i ka hana electrochemical maikaʻi loa ma mua o ka graphite maoli.
ʻO Zhu et al. E hoʻokomo i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i mālama ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe CaCl2 no ka electrolysis ma 950 ℃, a hoʻololi maikaʻi i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana i ka hana maikaʻi a me ke ola pōʻai lōʻihi ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka anode o ka pākaukau lithium ion.
Hōʻike ka hoʻokolohua he hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano mea kalapona kahiko i graphite ma o ka electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e wehe ana i kahi ala hou no ka graphite synthetic e hiki mai ana.
1.2 ka mīkini o
Hoʻohana ke ʻano hana electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe i ke kalapona e like me ka cathode a hoʻololi iā ia i graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe ma o ka cathodic polarization. I kēia manawa, haʻi ka palapala i kēia manawa i ka wehe ʻana o ka oxygen a me ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā kalapona kalapona i ke kaʻina hoʻololi o ka cathodic polarization.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen i loko o nā mea kalapona e pale i ka graphitization i kekahi ʻano. Ma ke kaʻina hana graphitization kuʻuna, e hoʻoneʻe mālie ʻia ka oxygen ke piʻi ka mahana ma mua o 1600K. Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi loa ka deoxidize ma o ka cathodic polarization.
ʻO Peng, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o nā hoʻokolohua no ka manawa mua e hoʻopuka i ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe electrolysis cathodic polarization hiki, ʻo ia ka graphitization kahi e hoʻomaka ai e loaʻa i loko o ka microspheres paʻa kalapona / electrolyte interface, ʻo ka microsphere carbon mua e hoʻopuni ana i kahi ʻāpana like ʻole o ka graphite shell, a laila ʻaʻole loa e paʻa nā kalapona kalapona anhydrous a hiki i ka paʻa ʻana o ka graphite waho.
Hoʻopili ʻia ke kaʻina hana graphitization me ka wehe ʻana o ka oxygen, kahi i hōʻoia ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua.
Jin et al. ua hōʻoia pū i kēia manaʻo ma o nā hoʻokolohua. Ma hope o ka carbonization o ka glucose, ua lawe ʻia ka graphitization (17% oxygen content). Ma hope o ka graphitization, ua ho'okumu 'ia nā pō'ai kalapona pa'a maoli (Fig. 1a a me 1c) i pūpū porous i haku 'ia me nā nanosheets graphite (Fig. 1b a me 1d).
Ma o ka electrolysis o nā kalapona kalapona (16% oxygen), hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā fibers kalapona i mau paipu graphite ma hope o ka graphitization e like me ka mīkini hoʻololi i manaʻo ʻia ma ka palapala.
Manaʻoʻiʻo ia, ka lōʻihi neʻe ma lalo o cathodic polarization o kalapona'ātoma ka kiʻekiʻe kristal graphite i ka amorphous kalapona rearrange pono e hana, synthetic graphite unique petals shape nanostructures pomaikai mai oxygen nā mana mai, akā, i ka kiko'ī pehea e hoʻoikaika i ka graphite nanometer hana 'aʻole maopopo, e like me ka oxygen mai kalapona iwi ma hope o ka hopena o ka cathode, etc.
I kēia manawa, aia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka mīkini i ka pae mua, a pono e noiʻi hou aku.
1.3 ʻO ke ʻano morphological o ka graphite synthetic
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo SEM no ka nānā ʻana i ka microscopic surface morphology o ka graphite, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo TEM e nānā i ka morphology structural o ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 0.2 μm, XRD a me Raman spectroscopy ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i ka microstructure o ka graphite, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo XRD e hōʻike i ka ʻike aniani o ka graphite, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā spectroscopy Raman e kuhikuhi i ke degere o ka defect.
Nui nā pores i ka graphite i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka cathode polarization o ka electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe. No nā mea waiwai like ʻole, e like me ke kalapona ʻeleʻele electrolysis, loaʻa nā nanostructure porous e like me petal. Hana ʻia ka loiloi kikoʻī XRD a me Raman ma ke kalapona ʻeleʻele ma hope o ka electrolysis.
Ma 827 ℃, ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana me ka volta 2.6V no 1h, ʻaneʻane like ke kiʻi spectral Raman o ke kalapona ʻeleʻele me ka graphite kalepa. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka ʻeleʻele kalapona me nā mahana like ʻole, ua ana ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka graphite ʻoi (002). Hōʻike ka piko ʻokoʻa (002) i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka papa kalapona ʻala i ka graphite.
ʻOi aku ka ʻoi o ke kalapona, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokele.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Zhu i ka lanahu haʻahaʻa i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e like me ka cathode i ka hoʻokolohua, a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka microstructure o ka huahana graphitized mai granular a nui graphite structure, a ua ʻike pū ʻia ka papa graphite paʻa ma lalo o ka microscope electron kiʻekiʻe.
Ma Raman spectra, me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua, ua loli pū ka waiwai ID/Ig. I ka 950 ℃ ka mahana electrolytic, 6h ka manawa electrolytic, a ʻo 2.6V ka uila electrolytic, ʻo ka helu ID / Ig haʻahaʻa he 0.3, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka D peak ma mua o ka G peak. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona o ka 2D peak e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke ʻano graphite i kauoha nui ʻia.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ʻokiʻoki (002) i ke kiʻi XRD e hōʻoia pū ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lanahu haʻahaʻa i graphite me ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe.
Ma ke kaʻina hana graphitization, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana a me ka volta e pāʻani i kahi kūlana hoʻolaha, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka uila e hōʻemi i ka hua o ka graphite, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka manawa graphitization e alakaʻi i ka pau ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai, no laila, no nā mea kalapona like ʻole, he mea nui ia e ʻimi i nā kūlana electrolytic kūpono loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kumu a me ka paʻakikī.
Loaʻa i kēia petal-like flake nanostructure nā waiwai electrochemical maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka nui o nā pores e hiki ke hoʻokomo koke i nā ion / deembedded, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe no nā pila, a pēlā aku.
ʻO ke ʻano electrodeposition paʻakai hehee
2.1 Electrodeposition o carbon dioxide
ʻOiai ʻo ke kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo koʻikoʻi nui, ʻo CO2 he mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole, ʻaʻohe pōʻino, haʻahaʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi i loaʻa i nā kumuwaiwai hou. Eia nō naʻe, aia ke kalapona i loko o CO2 i ke kūlana oxidation kiʻekiʻe loa, no laila he kiʻekiʻe ka thermodynamic stability CO2, kahi mea paʻakikī ke hoʻohana hou.
Hiki ke huli ʻia ka noiʻi mua loa e pili ana i ka electrodeposition CO2 i ka makahiki 1960. Ingram et al. Ua hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi ʻia ke kalapona ma ka electrode gula ma ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe o Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3.
ʻO Van et al. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia ʻo nā pauka kalapona i loaʻa i nā mea hiki ke hoʻemi like ʻole he mau hale like ʻole, me ka graphite, carbon amorphous a me carbon nanofibers.
Ma ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hopu i ka CO2 a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka kūleʻa o ke kalapona, ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ka noiʻi ʻana ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea noiʻi i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka carbon deposition a me ka hopena o nā kūlana electrolysis i ka huahana hope loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mahana electrolytic, electrolytic voltage a me ka haku ʻana o ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe a me nā electrodes, etc.
Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka electrolyte a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo CaCl2 me ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hopu CO2, Hu et al. Ua hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi ʻia ka graphene me ka degere graphitization kiʻekiʻe a me nā nanotubes kalapona a me nā hale nanographite ʻē aʻe ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā kūlana electrolytic e like me ka wela electrolysis, haku mele a me ka haku paʻakai hehee.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻōnaehana carbonate, ʻo CaCl2 nā mea maikaʻi o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa, conductivity kiʻekiʻe, maʻalahi e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai, a me ka solubility kiʻekiʻe o nā ion oxygen, e hāʻawi ana i nā kūlana theoretical no ka hoʻololi ʻana o CO2 i nā huahana graphite me ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe.
2.2 Mechanism Hoololi
ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea kalapona i hoʻohui ʻia e ka electrodeposition o CO2 mai ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka nui o ka hopu ʻana o CO2 a me ka hōʻemi ʻole. Hoʻopau ʻia ka hopu ʻana o CO2 e ka O2- manuahi i ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Haʻawina (1):
CO2+O2-→CO3 2- (1)
I kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻekolu mau ʻano hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole: hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu ka hopena, ʻelua ʻanuʻu ka hopena a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa metala.
Ua hoʻopuka mua ʻia e Ingram ke ʻano hana pane hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Equation (2):
CO3 2-+ 4E – →C+3O2- (2)
Na Borucka et al., e like me ka hoike ana ma ka Equation (3-4):
CO3 2-+ 2E – →CO2 2-+O2- (3)
CO2 2-+ 2E – →C+2O2- (4)
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa metala i hoʻolālā ʻia e Deanhardt et al. Ua manaʻo lākou ua hoʻemi mua ʻia nā iona metala i metala i loko o ka cathode, a laila ua hoʻemi ʻia ka metala i ions carbonate, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Equation (5~6):
M- + E – →M (5)
4 m + M2CO3 – > C + 3 m2o (6)
I kēia manawa, ʻae ʻia ke ʻano hana hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu i loko o nā palapala e kū nei.
ʻO Yin et al. ua aʻo i ka Li-Na-K carbonate nenoai me ka nickel like cathode, tin dioxide me anode a me ke kala uwea e like me reference electrode, a loaa ka cyclic voltammetry hoao huahelu ma Figure 2 (scanning rate o 100 mV/s) ma nickel cathode, a ua ike ia he hookahi wale no hoemi peak (ma -2.0V) i ka ino scanning.
No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia hoʻokahi wale nō pane i ka wā o ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka carbonate.
ʻO Gao et al. loaʻa ka voltammetry cyclic like ma ka ʻōnaehana carbonate like.
ʻO Ge et al. ua hoʻohana i ka anode inert a me ka tungsten cathode e hopu i ka CO2 i loko o ka ʻōnaehana LiCl-Li2CO3 a loaʻa nā kiʻi like, a ʻo kahi kiʻekiʻe hoʻemi o ka deposition kalapona i ʻike ʻia i ka nānā ʻana.
I loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hana ʻia nā metala alkali a me CO ke waiho ʻia ke kalapona e ka cathode. Eia naʻe, no ka haʻahaʻa ʻana o nā kūlana thermodynamic o ka hoʻoheheʻe kalapona i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka carbonate i kalapona ma ka hoʻokolohua.
2.3 CO2 hopu ʻia e ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i nā huahana graphite
Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā nanomaterial graphite kiʻekiʻe e like me graphene a me carbon nanotubes e ka electrodeposition o CO2 mai ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua. Hu et al. hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila ma ke ʻano he cathode i loko o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo CaCl2-NaCl-CaO a electrolyzed no 4h ma lalo o ke kūlana o 2.6V mau uila ma nā mahana like ʻole.
Mahalo i ka catalysis o ka hao a me ka hopena pahū o CO ma waena o nā papa graphite, ua loaʻa ka graphene ma ka ʻili o ka cathode. Hōʻike ʻia ke kaʻina hana o ka graphene ma ke kiʻi 3.
ʻO ke kiʻi
Ma hope haʻawina hoʻohui Li2SO4 ma ke kumu o CaCl2-NaClCaO hooheheeia paʻakai nenoaiu, electrolysis mahana ua 625 ℃, ma hope o 4h o electrolysis, i ka manawa like i loko o ka cathodic deposition o kalapona i loaʻa graphene a me kalapona nanotubes, ka haʻawina i loaʻa i Li + a me SO4 2- e lawe mai i ka hopena maikaʻi ma graphitization.
Hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka Sulfur i loko o ke kino kalapona, a hiki ke loaʻa nā pepa graphite ultra-thin a me ka kalapona filamentous ma ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kūlana electrolytic.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā mea e like me ka electrolytic wela o ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka graphene, inā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mahana ma mua o 800 ℃ e hana i ka CO ma mua o ke kalapona, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻohe deposition kalapona inā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 950 ℃, no laila he mea koʻikoʻi ka mana o ka wela e hana i ka graphene a me nā nanotubes carbon, a hoʻihoʻi i ka pono kalapona deposition reaction CO reaction synergy e hōʻoia i ka cathodeene e hoʻohua i ka graphene.
Hāʻawi kēia mau hana i kahi ala hou no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā huahana nano-graphite e CO2, he mea koʻikoʻi nui ia no ka hoʻonā ʻana o nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka graphene.
3. Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo a me Outlook
Me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana ikehu hou, ʻaʻole hiki i ka graphite kūlohelohe ke hoʻokō i ka koi o kēia manawa, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka graphite artificial ma mua o ka graphite kūlohelohe, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka graphitization, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ke ʻano electrochemical graphitization i loko o nā mea paʻa a me ke kinoea me ke ʻano o ka cathodic polarization a me ka electrochemical deposition ua kūleʻa i waho o nā mea graphite me ka waiwai hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano kuʻuna o ka graphitization, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano electrochemical, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, no nā mea liʻiliʻi e nā mea koho i ka manawa like, e like me nā kūlana electrolysis ʻokoʻa hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia i nā kūlana electrolysis like ʻole.
Hāʻawi ia i kahi ala kūpono no nā ʻano kalapona amorphous a me nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻololi ʻia i mau mea waiwai graphite nano-structured a loaʻa kahi manaʻo noi maikaʻi.
I kēia manawa, aia kēia ʻenehana i kona wā kamaliʻi. He liʻiliʻi nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka graphitization ma ke ʻano electrochemical, a he nui nā hana i ʻike ʻole ʻia. No laila, pono e hoʻomaka mai nā mea maka a hana i kahi noiʻi piha a me ka ʻōnaehana ma nā ʻano kalapona amorphous, a ma ka manawa like e ʻimi i ka thermodynamics a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka graphite i kahi pae hohonu.
He koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kēia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana graphite.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-10-2021