Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā mea kalapona?

Loaʻa nā mea kalapona i nā haneli o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā tausani o

nā kikoʻī.

• Wahi a ka mahele mea, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kalapona i nā huahana carbonaceous, nā huahana semi-graphitic, nā huahana graphite maoli a me nā huahana graphite artificial.

• Wahi a ko lākou waiwai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kalapona i ke electrode graphite a me ka anode graphite, electrode kalapona a me ka anode kalapona, poloka kalapona, nā huahana hoʻopili, nā huahana kalapona a me nā huahana graphite kūikawā, nā huahana kalapona no ka ʻoihana mechanical a me ka uila, nā fiber kalapona a me kāna mau mea hui pū ʻia a me nā lako kemika graphite, a pēlā aku.

• Wahi a nā mea lawelawe, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kalapona i ka ʻoihana metallurgical, ka ʻoihana alumini, ka ʻoihana kemika, ka ʻoihana mechanical a me ka uila a me nā mea kalapona hou i hoʻohana ʻia i nā keʻena ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe.

• Wahi a ka mahele hana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kalapona i ʻekolu mau māhele: nā mea alakaʻi, nā mea kūkulu a me nā mea hana kūikawā:

(1) nā mea alakaʻi. E like me ka umu uila me ka electrode graphite, ka electrode kalapona, ka electrode graphite kūlohelohe, ka electrode paste a me ka anode paste (electrode self-baking), electrolysis me ka graphite anode, ka palaki a me nā mea make EDM.

(2) Nā mea kūkulu. E like me ka forge dute, ka umu ferroalloys, ka umu carbide, e like me ka lining cell electrolytic alumini (i kapa ʻia hoʻi he mea refractory carbonaceous), ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka reactor nuklea a me nā mea reflective, rocket a missile paha ke poʻo o ka ʻoihana lining a i ʻole nozzle, nā lako hana ʻoihana kemika e kūʻē i ka corrosion, nā mea pale ʻaʻahu mīkini ʻoihana, kila a me ka ʻoihana hoʻoheheʻe metala non-ferrous crystallizer graphite lining, Semiconductor a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe mea maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.
(3) nā mea hana kūikawā. E like me ka biochar (ka valve puʻuwai hana, ka iwi hana, ke kaula hana), nā ʻano kalapona pyrolytic like ʻole a me ka graphite pyrolytic, ka graphite recrystallized, ka fiber kalapona a me kāna mau mea i hui pū ʻia, nā hui graphite interlayer, Fuller carbon a me nano carbon, a pēlā aku.

• Wahi a ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka hoʻohana a me ke kaʻina hana, hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia nā mea kalapona i nā ʻano 12 e hiki mai ana.

(1) Nā electrodes graphite. ʻO ia hoʻi ka electrode graphite mana maʻamau, ka electrode graphite mana kiʻekiʻe, ka electrode graphite mana ultra-kiʻekiʻe, ka electrode graphite uhi anti-oxidation, ka poloka graphitized, a me ka electrode graphite kūlohelohe i hana ʻia me ka graphite kūlohelohe ma ke ʻano he mea maka nui.
(2) Anode Graphite. Me nā ʻano electrolysis hoʻonā āpau a me ka electrolysis paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia i ka papa anode, ke koʻokoʻo anode, ka anode cylindrical nui (e like me ka electrolysis o ka sodium metala).
(3) electrode uila kalapona (maikaʻi). ʻO ia hoʻi ka electrode kalapona me ka anthracite kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he mea maka nui, ka anode kalapona me ka petroleum coke ma ke ʻano he mea maka nui no ke kelepona electrolytic alumini (ʻo ia hoʻi ka anode i hoʻomoʻa mua ʻia), a me ka brick grid kalapona me ka asphalt coke ma ke ʻano he mea maka nui no ka lako mana a me ka ʻoihana magnesia.
(4) ʻano poloka kalapona (umahu metala me nā mea pale kalapona). ʻO ka mea nui e komo pū me ka umu pahū e hoʻohana ana i ka poloka kalapona (a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka haʻalulu a me ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka poloka kalapona, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā poloka kalapona wela i ka manawa like, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe haʻalulu ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana, ka hoʻohana pololei ʻana i ka poloka kalapona hoʻomoʻa ponoʻī, ka poloka graphite, ka poloka semi graphite, ka graphite a me ka silica carbide, a pēlā aku), ka poloka kalapona cathode cell electrolysis alumini (ʻaoʻao poloka kalapona, poloka kalapona ma lalo), ka umu hao hao, ka umu calcium carbide a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka umu uila thermal mineral e uhi ana i ka poloka kalapona, ka umu graphitization, ka umu silicon carbide no ka uhi ʻana i ke kino o ka poloka kalapona.
(5) ka hoʻopili lanahu. ʻO ia hoʻi ka hoʻopili electrode, ka hoʻopili anode a me ka hoʻopili i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana a i ʻole ke kāpili ʻana i loko o ka hana ʻana o nā poloka kalapona (e like me ka hoʻopili humuhumu coarse a me ka hoʻopili humuhumu maikaʻi no ka hana ʻana o nā poloka kalapona i loko o ka umu pahū, ka hoʻopili lalo no ka hana ʻana o ke kelepona electrolytic alumini, a pēlā aku).
(6) graphite maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, density kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ia hoʻi ka graphite maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka graphite ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka density kiʻekiʻe a me ka graphite isotropic density kiʻekiʻe.
(7) lanahu kūikawā a me ka graphite. ʻO ia hoʻi ke kalapona pyrolytic a me ka graphite pyrolytic, ke kalapona porous a me ka graphite porous, ke kalapona aniani a me ka graphite recrystallized.
(8) ke kalapona kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu a me ke graphite kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu no ka ʻoihana mīkini. ʻO ia hoʻi nā apo sila, nā bearings, nā apo piston, nā slideways a me nā pahi o kekahi mau mīkini wili i hoʻohana ʻia i nā lako mīkini he nui.
(9) Nā huahana lanahu a me ka graphite no nā hana uila. ʻO ia hoʻi ka palaki o ka motika uila a me ka mīkini hana, ka slider pantograph o ke kaʻa trolley a me ka locomotive uila, ke kū'ē kalapona o kekahi mea hoʻoponopono voltage, nā ʻāpana kalapona o ka mea hoʻoili kelepona, ke koʻokoʻo kalapona arc, ke koʻokoʻo kalapona gouging arc kalapona a me ke koʻokoʻo kalapona pila, a pēlā aku.
(10) nā lako kemika graphite (ʻike ʻia hoʻi he graphite impermeable). ʻO ia hoʻi nā mea hoʻololi wela like ʻole, nā pahu hana, nā condensers, nā hale kiaʻi omo, nā pamu graphite a me nā lako kemika ʻē aʻe.
(11) ʻO ke olonā kalapona a me kāna mau mea i hoʻohui ʻia. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻekolu ʻano o ke olonā i hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia, ke olonā kalapona a me ke olonā graphitized, a me ke olonā kalapona a me nā ʻano resins like ʻole, nā plastics, nā keramika, nā metala a me nā ʻano huahana mea i hoʻohui ʻia.
(12) ʻO ka hui interlaminar graphite (ʻike ʻia hoʻi he graphite intercalated). Aia nā ʻano graphite palupalu (ʻo ia hoʻi, graphite hoʻonui ʻia), ka hui interlaminar graphite-halogen a me ka hui interlaminar graphite-metal 3. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka graphite expansive i hana ʻia mai ka graphite kūlohelohe e like me ka mea gasket.