01. Pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā recarburizers
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā carburizer i ʻehā mau ʻano e like me kā lākou mau mea maka.
1. graphite hana
ʻO ka mea waiwai nui no ka hana ʻana i ka graphite artificial he pauka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe calcined petroleum coke, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka asphalt ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopili, a hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea kōkua. Ma hope o ka hui pū ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano mea maka, paʻi ʻia a hana ʻia, a laila mālama ʻia i loko o kahi lewa non-oxidizing ma 2500-3000 ° C e hana i ka graphitized. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, hoʻemi nui ʻia ka lehu, ka sulfur a me ke kinoea.
Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana graphite artificial, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā recarburizers graphite artificial i hoʻohana mau ʻia i loko o nā foundries he mau mea hana hou e like me nā chips, nā electrodes a me nā poloka graphite i ka wā e hana ai i nā electrodes graphite e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana.
I ka hoohehee ana i ka hao ductile, i mea e hana ai i ka maikai metala o ka hoolei hao kiʻekiʻe, artificial graphite pono ke koho mua no ka recarburizer.
2. ʻAla ʻaila coke
ʻO Petroleum coke kahi recarburizer i hoʻohana nui ʻia.
ʻO ka Petroleum coke kahi huahana i loaʻa mai ma ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā koena a me ka petroleum pitches ma ka distillation ma lalo o ke kaomi maʻamau a i ʻole ma lalo o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka ʻaila ʻaila ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai no ka hana ʻana i ka petroleum coke, a laila hiki ke loaʻa ka coke petroleum ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma hope o ka coking. ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka coke petroleum ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma kahi o 5% o ka nui o ka aila ʻaila i hoʻohana ʻia. ʻO ka hana makahiki o ka petroleum coke ma United States ma kahi o 30 miliona tons. He kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike haumia i loko o ka coke petroleum ʻōmaʻomaʻo, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia e like me ka recarburizer, a pono e calcined mua.
Loaʻa ka ʻaila ʻaila coke ma nā ʻano like me ka sponge, like me ka nila, granular a me ka wai.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka sponge petroleum coke ma ke ʻano coking lohi. Ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe sulfur a me ka metala maʻiʻo, hoʻohana maʻamau ia e like me ka wahie i ka wā calcination, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea maka no ka coke petroleum calcined. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka coke sponge calcined i ka ʻoihana alumini a ma ke ʻano he recarburizer.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ʻo Needle petroleum coke ma ke ʻano coking lohi me nā mea maka me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hydrocarbons aromatic a me ka haʻahaʻa o nā mea haumia. ʻO kēia coke he ʻano like me ka nila, i kapa ʻia ʻo graphite coke, a hoʻohana nui ʻia e hana i nā electrodes graphite ma hope o ka calcination.
ʻO Granular petroleum coke ma ke ʻano o nā granules paʻakikī a hana ʻia mai nā mea maka me ka nui o ka sulfur a me ka asphaltene ma ke ʻano coking lohi, a hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me ka wahie.
Loaʻa ʻia ka coke petroleum fluidized ma ka coking mau i loko o kahi moena wai.
ʻO ka calcination o ka petroleum coke e hoʻoneʻe i ka sulfur, ka makū, a me nā volatiles. ʻO ka helu ʻana i ka coke ʻaila ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma 1200-1350 ° C hiki ke hana i ke kalapona maʻemaʻe.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohana nui loa i ka coke petroleum calcined ʻo ia ka ʻoihana aluminika, 70% o ia mea i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā anodes e hōʻemi i ka bauxite. Ma kahi o 6% o ka coke petroleum calcined i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hoʻohana ʻia no nā recarburizers hao.
3. graphite maoli
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka graphite kūlohelohe i ʻelua ʻano: flake graphite a me microcrystalline graphite.
Loaʻa i ka microcrystalline graphite kahi lehu kiʻekiʻe a ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he recarburizer no ka hao hao.
Nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ka flake graphite: pono e unuhi ʻia ka graphite flake kiʻekiʻe e nā ʻano kemika, a i ʻole ka wela i ka wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻoheheʻe i nā oxides i loko. He kiʻekiʻe ka lehu i loko o ka graphite, no laila ʻaʻole kūpono ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka recarburizer; Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka graphite kalapona ma ke ʻano he recarburizer, akā ʻaʻole nui ka nui.
4. Coke a me Antracite
I ke kaʻina hana o ka uila arc furnace steelmaking, coke a i ʻole anthracite hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano he recarburizer i ka wā e hoʻouka ai. Ma muli o kona lehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻoluʻolu, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka induction furnace smelting cast iron ma ke ʻano he recarburizer.
Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana i nā koi o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai, a ke piʻi mau nei nā kumukūʻai o ka hao puaʻa a me ka coke, e hoʻonui ai i ke kumukūʻai o nā castings. Ke hoʻomaka nei ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kapuahi uila e hoʻololi i ka hoʻoheheʻe kīpola maʻamau. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2011, ua hoʻohana pū ka hale hana liʻiliʻi a me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o kā mākou hale hana i ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe umu uila e pani i ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe cupola maʻamau. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ke kila ʻōpala i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka umu uila ke hōʻemi wale i nā kumukūʻai, akā hoʻomaikaʻi hoʻi i nā waiwai mechanical o ka hoʻolei ʻana, akā ʻo ke ʻano o ka recarburizer i hoʻohana ʻia a me ke kaʻina hana carburizing ke kuleana nui.
02. Pehea e hoʻohana ai i ka recarburizer i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka umu ahi
1 ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka recarburizers
Nui nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka hao recarburizers, maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia he graphite artificial, calcined petroleum coke, graphite maoli, coke, anthracite, a me nā hui ʻana o ia mau mea.
(1) Artificial graphite Ma waena o nā recarburizers like ʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ʻo ka maikaʻi maikaʻi loa ka graphite artificial. ʻO ka mea waiwai nui no ka hana ʻana i ka graphite artificial he pauka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe calcined petroleum coke, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka asphalt ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopili, a hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea kōkua. Ma hope o ka hui pū ʻia ʻana o nā mea maka, paʻi ʻia a hana ʻia, a laila mālama ʻia i loko o kahi lewa non-oxidizing ma 2500-3000 ° C e hana i ka graphitized. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, hoʻemi nui ʻia ka lehu, ka sulfur a me ke kinoea. Inā ʻaʻohe petroleum coke i calcined ma ke kiʻekiʻe wela a i ʻole me ka lawa ʻole o ka calcination wela, e hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka recarburizer. No laila, ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka recarburizer e hilinaʻi nui i ka degere o ka graphitization. Loaʻa i kahi recarburizer maikaʻi ke kalapona graphitic (haʻina nui) Ma 95% a 98%, ʻo ka sulfur maʻiʻo 0.02% a 0.05%, a ʻo ka maʻiʻo nitrogen (100 a 200) × 10-6.
(2) ʻO Petroleum coke kahi recarburizer i hoʻohana nui ʻia. ʻO ka Petroleum coke kahi huahana i loaʻa mai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā koena a me nā pā aila i loaʻa mai ka distillation kaomi maʻamau a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila ʻaila ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai no ka hana ʻana i ka petroleum coke. Ma hope o ka coking, hiki ke loaʻa ka coke petroleum maka. He kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia ma ke ʻano he recarburizer, a pono e calcined mua.
(3) Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka graphite kūlohelohe i ʻelua ʻano: flake graphite a me microcrystalline graphite. Loaʻa i ka microcrystalline graphite kahi lehu kiʻekiʻe a ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he recarburizer no ka hao hao. Nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ka flake graphite: pono e unuhi ʻia ka graphite flake kiʻekiʻe e nā ʻano kemika, a i ʻole ka wela i ka wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻoheheʻe i nā oxides i loko. He kiʻekiʻe ka lehu o ka graphite a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka recarburizer. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka graphite kalapona ma ke ʻano he recarburizer, akā ʻaʻole nui ka nui.
(4) Coke a me ka anthracite I ke kaʻina o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka umu ahi, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka coke a i ʻole ka anthracite ma ke ʻano he recarburizer i ka wā e hoʻouka ai. Ma muli o kona lehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻoluʻolu, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka induction furnace smelting cast iron ma ke ʻano he recarburizer. , He haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai o kēia recarburizer, a no ka recarburizer haʻahaʻa.
2. Ke kumu o ka carburization o ka hao hehee
I ke kaʻina hoʻoheʻe ʻana o ka hao synthetic, ma muli o ka nui o nā ʻōpala i hoʻohui ʻia a me ka haʻahaʻa C ma ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, pono e hoʻohana ʻia kahi carburizer e hoʻonui i ke kalapona. ʻO ke kalapona i loaʻa ma ke ʻano o ka mea i loko o ka recarburizer he wela hoʻoheheʻe ʻo 3727 ° C a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka mahana o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. No laila, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kalapona i loko o ka recarburizer i loko o ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā ala ʻelua o ka dissolution a me ka diffusion. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka graphite recarburizer i ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia he 2.1%, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka graphite i ka hao hoʻoheheʻe. ʻAʻole loaʻa ke ʻano hoʻonā pololei o ka carbonization non-graphite, akā me ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hoʻopuehu mālie a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kalapona i loko o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. No ka recarburization o ka hao i hooheheeia e ka induction furnace, ka recarburization rate o crystalline graphite recarburization ua oi loa aku ma mua o ka non-graphite recarburizers.
Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ke kalapona i ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka nui kalapona i loko o ka papa palena wai ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana paʻa. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā hopena i loaʻa me ka coke a me ka lanahu me nā hopena i loaʻa me ka graphite, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka diffusion a me ka dissolution rate o graphite recarburizers i loko o ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka coke a me ka lanahu. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana coke a me ka lanahu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka microscope electron, a ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻāpana lehu lahilahi ma luna o ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻohālike, ʻo ia ke kumu nui e pili ana i kā lākou diffusion a me ka dissolution hana i ka hao hoʻoheheʻe.
3. Nā mea e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻonui kalapona
(1) Ka hopena o ka nui o ka nui o ka recarburizer ʻO ka nui o ka absorption o ka recarburizer e pili ana i ka hopena hui o ka dissolution a me ka diffusion rate o ka recarburizer a me ka nui o ka nalowale o ka oxidation. Ma keʻano laulā, liʻiliʻi nā ʻāpana o ka recarburizer, wikiwiki ka wikiwiki o ka hemo, a nui ka wikiwiki o ka nalowale; nui nā ʻāpana carburizer, lohi ka māmā hoʻoheheʻe, a liʻiliʻi ka wikiwiki o ka pohō. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka nui o ka recarburizer e pili ana i ke anawaena a me ka hiki o ka umu. Ma keʻano laulā, i ka nui o ke anawaena a me ka hiki o ka umu ahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka recarburizer; akā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka recarburizer.
(2) Ka hopena o ka nui o ka recarburizer i hoʻohui ʻia Ma lalo o ke ʻano o kahi mahana a me ka hoʻohui kemika like, ʻike ʻia ka paʻa ʻana o ke kalapona i loko o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Ma lalo o kahi degere o ka saturation, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka recarburizer i hoʻohui ʻia, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa i koi ʻia no ka dissolution a me ka diffusion, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poho like, a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka absorption rate.
(3) Ka hopena o ka wela ma ka absorption rate o ka recarburizer Ma ke kumu, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka absorption a me ka hemo ʻana o ka recarburizer. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, paʻakikī ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka recarburizer, a ke emi nei ka recarburizer absorption rate. Eia naʻe, ke kiʻekiʻe loa ka mahana o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka recarburizer, e piʻi aʻe ka nui o ka pau ʻana o ke kalapona, a laila e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻike kalapona a me ka emi ʻana o ka nui. ka hoʻomohu ʻana o ka recarburizer. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, i ka wā o ka wela hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma waena o 1460 a me 1550 ° C, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka absorption o ka recarburizer.
(4) Ka hopena o ka hao i hooheheeia e hooulu ana ma ka absorption rate o ka recarburizer O ka hooulu ana he mea pono i ka hemo ana a me ka hoolaha ana o ke kalapona, a pale aku i ka recarburizer e lana ana ma ka ili o ka hao hehee a me ke ahi. Ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka recarburizer, lōʻihi ka manawa hoʻouluulu a kiʻekiʻe ka helu absorption. Hiki i ka hoʻoulu ʻana ke hōʻemi i ka manawa paʻa carbonization, hoʻopōkole i ka pōʻai hana, a pale i ka puhi ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui i loko o ka hao hoʻoheheʻe. Eia naʻe, inā lōʻihi ka manawa hoʻoulu, ʻaʻole wale ka hopena nui i ke ola lawelawe o ka umu ahi, akā hoʻomāhuahua hoʻi i ka nalowale o ke kalapona i ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka recarburizer. No laila, ʻo ka manawa hoʻoulu kūpono o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e kūpono e hōʻoia i ka pau ʻana o ka recarburizer.
(5) Ka hopena o ke kinikini o ka hao hehee ma ka absorption rate o ka recarburizer Ke kiʻekiʻe ka mua o ka carbon content i loko o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ma lalo o kekahi palena solubility, lohi ka absorption rate o ka recarburizer, liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka absorption. , a he nui ka poho kuni. He haʻahaʻa ka recarburizer absorption rate. He ʻoiaʻiʻo ka ʻaoʻao inā haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo kalapona mua o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka silicon a me ka sulfur i loko o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kāohi i ka absorption o ke kalapona a hoʻemi i ka helu absorption o recarburizers; ʻoiai ke kōkua nei ka manganese i ke kalapona a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka helu absorption o recarburizers. Ma ke ʻano o ka pae o ka mana, ʻo ka silika ka mea nui loa, a ukali ʻia e ka manganese, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kalapona a me ka sulfur. No laila, i ke kaʻina hana maoli, pono e hoʻohui mua ʻia ka manganese, a laila carbon, a laila silika.
4. Ka hopena o nā recarburizers like ʻole i nā waiwai o ka hao
(1) Nā kūlana hoʻāʻo Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻelua 5t intermediate frequency coreless induction furnace no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, me ka mana kiʻekiʻe o 3000kW a me ke alapine o 500Hz. Wahi a ka papa inoa o ka papa hana i kēlā me kēia lā (50% mea hoʻihoʻi, 20% hao puaʻa, 30% scrap), e hoʻohana i kahi recarburizer calcined haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me kahi recarburizer graphite-type e honi i ka umu o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e like me ka kaʻina hana Ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana, e hoʻolei i ka pāpale poʻomanaʻo nui.
Ke kaʻina hana: Hoʻohui ʻia ka recarburizer i ka umu uila i nā pūʻulu i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, 0.4% o ka inoculant mua (silicon barium inoculant) i hoʻohui ʻia i ke kaʻina hana, a me 0.1% lua kahe wai inoculant (Silicon barium inoculant). E hoʻohana i ka laina hoʻolālā DISA2013.
(2) Mechanical waiwai I mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hopena o ʻelua ʻokoʻa recarburizers ma luna o nā waiwai o ka hao hao, a me ka pale aku i ka hooheheeia haku mele 'ana ma luna o nā hualoaʻa, ka hooheheeia hui hooheheeia e okoa recarburizers ua hoʻololi 'ia e like me ia. . I mea e oi piha hōʻoia i nā hualoaʻa, i loko o ka ho'āʻo kaʻina hana, a me elua papa o Ø30mm ho'āʻo kaola ua nininiʻia i loko o nā kapuahi elua o ka hao i hooheheeia, 12 apana o ka hoolei ana i loko o kela a me keia hao hehee ai, ua koho randomly no ka Brinell paakiki hoao ana. (6 ʻāpana/pahu, hoʻāʻo ʻelua pahu).
Ma kahi o ka like like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika o nā pahu hoʻāʻo i hana ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka graphite-type recarburizer ma mua o nā pahu hoʻāʻo i hoʻolei ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka recarburizer calcined-type, a me ka hana ʻana o ka hana hoʻoheheʻe i hana ʻia e. ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka graphite-type recarburizer ma mua o ka mea i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka recarburizer ʻano graphite. ʻO nā hoʻoheheʻe i hana ʻia e nā recarburizers calcined (inā kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e ʻike ʻia ka lihi o nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kahi hanana pahi lele i ka wā e hana ai).
(3) ʻO nā ʻano graphite o nā laʻana e hoʻohana ana i ka graphite-type recarburizer ʻo ia ka graphite A-type āpau, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka graphite a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻopuka ʻia nā hopena aʻe mai nā hopena hoʻāʻo ma luna nei: ʻaʻole hiki i ka recarburizer graphite-type kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻomaikaʻi wale i nā waiwai mechanical o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano metallographic, akā hoʻomaikaʻi hoʻi i ka hana hana o nā castings.
03. Epilogue
(1) ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ka helu absorption o ka recarburizer ʻo ia ka nui o ka recarburizer, ka nui o ka recarburizer i hoʻohui ʻia, ka mahana recarburization, ka manawa hoʻouluulu o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka hui kemika o ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
(2) ʻAʻole hiki i ka recarburizer graphite-type kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻomaikaʻi wale i nā waiwai mechanical o nā castings, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano metallographic, akā hoʻomaikaʻi pū i ka hana hana o nā castings. No laila, i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana koʻikoʻi e like me nā poloka cylinder a me nā poʻo cylinder i loko o ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe induction furnace, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā recarburizers graphite-type kiʻekiʻe.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-08-2022